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Topic outline

	HAPPY NEW YEAR! (well, almost!) Hope you are all having a super, restful, fun holiday! I have just been able to re-use my computer. Somebody diseased it just before the break and it has taken this long to get it back working properly. As most of you are aware, I am going to be away for the first week of the new year. I will be in Africa on a research assignment, specifically, in Kenya. It is expected that you will be in class both Monday and Wednesday of this first week! A replacement teacher has been hired and there will be work to do in class and on the 'moodle'. Please check immediately below for the instructions with regard to the work you need to get done. Wednesday, December 19, 2007 This will likely be the last update until the new year. You need to be sure to have the survey of the endocrine glands as instructed below completed. As well, the Diseases and Disorders will have to be completed at your leisure, but certainly in advance of the due date in early January. If you check below you will also see the next topic listed with quite a bit of work to be done on the Nervous System. FYI, you will need to be prepared for the Brain Dissection Day likely to be on January 9th, the first Wednesday back from the holidays. In order to be eligible for the dissection you will be taking a pre-test proving your knowledge of the brain externally and internally. BE SURE TO HAVE A RESTFUL AND SAFE HOLIDAY BREAK AND DO REMEMBER THAT IF YOU SHOULD INGEST TOO MUCH ETHANOL YOUR FINE MOTOR CONTROL AND JUDGEMENT WILL BE IMPAIRED (AND IF YOU DO YOUR BRAIN WORK YOU WILL KNOW EXACTLY WHY THIS IS SO!!!)
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4	Endocrinology Get started by obtaining a diagram showing the following endocrine glands and then summarize the specific hormones produced by each gland.  Your summary needs to also include the 'targets' for these hormones and how the target cells/organs respond to these chemical messengers.  Here are the glands you are responsible for: pineal, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas(both alpha and beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans), adrenals (cortex and medulla), gonads (testes in the male/ovaries in the female)  [as per usual, I have probably forgotten a few, please point them out as you do your introductory research, thank you] Discovery Channel We have a direct link to the videos available from the Discovery Channel!  Click on the link below and you will be taken to the login page at Discovery Channel.  Our username is: "RHCLCLBIOLOGY", as you see it here (all upper case letters), the passoword is: 'biology' (again as you see it).  If you don't get to the Endocrinology videos simply enter 'endocrine system' and you will have a choice of many videos to watch.  Be sure to select those that are grade appropriate (either grades 9-12 or higher)  [please let me know if you have any problems logging on to the site] [I have been informed that some of you are having difficulty getting in to the site.  Try this:  the username is:  "rhclcbiology" ,all small case, the password is still: 'biology' as you see it.  I have no idea why some can get in and others not]   Here's the link:  http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/search/searchResults.cfm?N=0&Nty=1&Ntk=All&blnSearchInit=true&Ntt=endocrine+system&Nr=&x=27&y=13 Endocrinology Assignment due date:  anytime before we return after the holidays [so, no later than January 6, 2008] please use: greeniesbiology@hotmail.com  to submit your work The details: Using any source(s) you wish [but be sure to cite them!] complete the following: Research the following diseases and disorders related to endocrinoloy: 1.  diabetes insipidus 2.  diabetes mellitus 3.  hypothyroidism (myxedema and cretinism) 4.  hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease) 5.  dwarfism 6.  gigantism 7.  acromegaly 8.  Addison's disease For each of the above diseases/disorders, your summary will need to include the specific gland(s) involved, the hormone(s) that are in excess or deficient, symptomology (briefly, please!), any treatments that can alleviate and/or cure the problem. Please remember that this is NOT medical school and as such anything you write has to be within your ability to understand.  AND be sure to cite your sources of information !!
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6	Nervous System The next topic in our work on homeostasis is a detailed study of the human nervous system. Start by obtaining the following anatomical diagrams (from any source you wish): 1. a typical sensory neuron (afferent neuron) 2. a typical motor neuron (efferent neuron) 3. synapse (nerve--->nerve communication) 4. neuromuscular junction (nerve---->muscle communication) 5. external view of the brain showing the 5 lobes 6. sagittal section indicating all the important structures AS USUAL IF YOU LABEL SOMETHING YOU MUST BE ABLE TO STATE THE FUNCTION OF THAT LABELLED PART

4) hyperthyroidism ?It is a disease caused by an excess of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine, which are produced in the thyroid gland. When a person suffers from hyperthyroidism, the excessive thyroxine or triiodothyronine increases the speed of all the body process, causing an overactive metabolism. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are weight loss, anxiety, intolerance to heat, fatigue, weakness, hyperactivity, irritability, apathy, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, and sweating. The generally accepted treatment of hyperthyroidism in humans involve initial temporary use of suppressive thyrostatics medication, which is a drug that inhibits the production of thyroid hormones. The other treatment is the use of permanent surgical or radioisotope therapy.

5) Dwarfism ?It is a condition that specifies to the extreme small size of animal or plants. It is caused by the deficiency of growth hormone, which is found in anterior pituitary gland. The effects of dwarfism can be divided into the physical and the social. For physical effect, it involves pain in joint resulting from abnormal bone alignment, or from nerve compression. Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, by braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures. The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is limb-lengthening surgery.

6) Gigantism ? It is the opposite of dwarfism. Gigantism is characterized by excessive height growth and the enlargement of bone tissues. This disorder is due to the excessive production of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary gland. The people who suffering from gigantism have an extremely large body, obesity usually occurs in children with gigantism. The common medication for gigantism are somatostatin analogs, which reduce the production of growth hormone. Radiation therapy has been used to normalize growth hormone levels. However, it can take 5-10 years for the full effect to be seen.

7) Acromegaly ?It is a syndrome in which the pituitary glands produces excess growth hormone after ephiphyseal plate closure. It is the condition when the growth of bones is supposed to stop at a certain age, but the pituitary glands keep secreting hormone. Acromegaly mostly affects the adults in their early-twenties, it may result in serious disfigurement, and death. Symptoms of acromegaly are enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips, ears, and thickening of skin. Acromegaly also leads to the soft tissue swelling of internal organs. Treatment of acromegaly include surgical removal of tumor, drug therapy, and radiation therapy.

8) Addison disease ?Also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism. It is characterized by insufficient production of steroid hormone in adrenal gland. The general symptoms of Addison disease are fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, changes in personality and pain in muscles and bones. A person with Addison disease has low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun. Treatment for Addison disease involves replacing the missing cortisol in a dosing regimen. In addition, many patients need fludrocortisone as replacement for the missing aldosterone.

Topic outline

	Sunday, December 16, 2007 (5:45 PM) Two items of note on this very snowy Sunday: 1.  A reminder of Wednesday's Cellular Respiration/Photosynthesis Quiz (based on the objectives listed below) 2.  New work has been added to the Endocrinology Unit, an assignment on Diseases and Disorders related to the glands and their hormones.  Note the due date is the Sunday just before school starts again, so do it now or leave it until just before we get back, your choice!!
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3	Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Please refer to the course outline for the details of this unit.  I will, of necessity, be shortening some of the work.  But you can get started by completing the following: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Here are a few links to some excellent and straight-forward worksheets on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.  Visit the sites and try completing the worksheets there: Worksheets, Animations and Summaries Cellular Respiration Meeting the following objectives will enable you to complete the necessary information for this part of the unit:  1.  write the full word and chemical equations for:      (i)  anaerobic (alcoholic) fermentation      (ii)  anaerobic (lactic acid) fermentation     (iii)  aerobic cellular respiration 2.  Outline, in summary form, the reactants and products of GLYCOLYSIS 3.  Outline, in summary form, the reactants and products of KREBS CYCLE 4.  Outline, in summary form, the reactants and products of an ETS (ETC) Pathway 5.  Summarize the yields of ATP molecules for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 6.  What is muscle fatigue?  Oxygen debt? What conditions bring these about when you are exercising? 7.  Using text (or other) references, summarize how we can obtain energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Photosynthesis Complete the following objectives: 1.  detailed, labelled diagram of a chloroplast 2.  word and balanced chemical equations for the reactioin 3.  details of the light reactions (both cyclic and non-cyclic photphosphorylation) 4.  details of the dark reactions (Calvin-Benson-Greenberg Cycle) 5.  fully labelled diagram of an X-sec of a leaf [include brief descriptions of the functions of each labelled part] 6.  diagrams and explanation of the mechanism of stomatal openings on the underside of the leaf
4	Endocrinology Get started by obtaining a diagram showing the following endocrine glands and then summarize the specific hormones produced by each gland.  Your summary needs to also include the 'targets' for these hormones and how the target cells/organs respond to these chemical messengers.  Here are the glands you are responsible for: pineal, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas(both alpha and beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans), adrenals (cortex and medulla), gonads (testes in the male/ovaries in the female)  [as per usual, I have probably forgotten a few, please point them out as you do your introductory research, thank you] Discovery Channel We have a direct link to the videos available from the Discovery Channel!  Click on the link below and you will be taken to the login page at Discovery Channel.  Our username is: "RHCLCLBIOLOGY", as you see it here (all upper case letters), the passoword is: 'biology' (again as you see it).  If you don't get to the Endocrinology videos simply enter 'endocrine system' and you will have a choice of many videos to watch.  Be sure to select those that are grade appropriate (either grades 9-12 or higher)  [please let me know if you have any problems logging on to the site] [I have been informed that some of you are having difficulty getting in to the site.  Try this:  the username is:  "rhclcbiology" ,all small case, the password is still: 'biology' as you see it.  I have no idea why some can get in and others not]   Here's the link:  http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/search/searchResults.cfm?N=0&Nty=1&Ntk=All&blnSearchInit=true&Ntt=endocrine+system&Nr=&x=27&y=13 Endocrinology Assignment due date:  anytime before we return after the holidays [so, no later than January 6, 2008] please use: greeniesbiology@hotmail.com  to submit your work The details: Using any source(s) you wish [but be sure to cite them!] complete the following: Research the following diseases and disorders related to endocrinoloy: 1.  diabetes insipidus 2.  diabetes mellitus 3.  hypothyroidism (myxedema and cretinism) 4.  hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease) 5.  dwarfism 6.  gigantism 7.  acromegaly 8.  Addison's disease For each of the above diseases/disorders, your summary will need to include the specific gland(s) involved, the hormone(s) that are in excess or deficient, symptomology (briefly, please!), any treatments that can alleviate and/or cure the problem. Please remember that this is NOT medical school and as such anything you write has to be within your ability to understand.  AND be sure to cite your sources of information !!       1.  Draw (copy, paste, whatever) two fully labelled diagrams, one of the mitochondrion, the other of the chloroplast. 2.  Write full word and balanced chemical equations for the two processes. 3.  Write full word and balanced chemical equations for the two anaerobic processes: (a) alcoholic fermentation  (b) lactic acid fermentation 4.  With respect to cellular respiration, we will be studying in some detail the pathways of:     (a)  glycolysis  (b) Krebs cycle  (c) ETS [it would be beneficial if you began preparing notes on the above {our text is an excellent source, but there are many such sources}] 5.  With respect to photosynthesis, we will be studying in some detail the pathways of:      (a) Light Reactions:  cyclic and non-cyclic photosphorylation     (b) Dark Reactions:  Calvin-Benson-Greenberg Cycle     (c) Chemiosmosis (Mitchell's Theory) The Assignment (which will be posted in a few days) will be a discussion of the evolution of life on the planet with direct reference to the processes under study. Look for this by Monday or Tuesday!! REMEMBER:  zerobio.com is an excellent source of information for students!!             Go to the following page and scroll down to the links at the bottom.  You will find many animations and other useful links to help in the understanding of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis: http://www.nclark.net/PhotoRespiration [if this doesn't present as a direct link, simply copy and paste into your browser and you should get there]  (please let me know if you have any problems)

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